查看“市场”的源代码

{{Version|1.9}}{{Economynav}}

[[文件:Map market overview.png|thumb|法兰西市场鸟瞰]]

在《维多利亚3》中，由[[人群]]和[[建筑]]进行的所有[[商品]]交易都在一个'''市场（Market）'''中进行。每个国家要么属于本国市场，要么作为[[#关税同盟|关税同盟]的成员国属于另一个市场。国家还可以通过贸易在市场之间进出口商品。每个市场根据市场中的买卖订单总数自行确定商品价格。

同时，市场也界定了内部[[移民]]的范围。

== 国家市场 ==
{{SVersion|1.8}}
'''国家市场(National market)'''代表一个国家内部商品交易的总和。默认情况下，每个国家都控制着自己的市场，该市场通常（但不总是）以其 {{iconify|Capital|state status|首都地区}}为 {{iconify|Market Capital|state status|市场中心}}。每个通过陆路或由港口连接的海路与这个市场中心相连的地区也是市场的一部分。这些地区都有从 '''0%''' 到 '''100%''' 的[[#市场接入度|市场接入度]]，代表了它们与市场上其他地区的联系程度。市场接入度主要取决于一个地区 {{icon|Infrastructure}}基础设施的使用情况，特殊地，海外地区（即那些与市场中心无陆路相连的地区）还需要通过 {{iconify|Port|building|港口}}和{{icon|Convoys|w=22px}}船队通过一条[[#航道|航道]]相连。


=== 关税同盟 ===
'''关税同盟（Customs Unions）''' 是由一个国家（市场所有者）主导的联合市场。关税同盟的建立有三种方式：
# 所有[[属国]]自动加入宗主国的关税同盟。
# {{iconify|Trade League|power bloc|贸易联盟|30px}} [[国家集团]]永远是关税同盟，其集团领袖为市场所有者。
# 其他类型的国家集团可以通过 {{principle|Market Unification|III|1|市场统一}}原则建立关税同盟，其集团领袖为市场所有者。

关税同盟只有一个市场中心，即其市场主导国的市场中心。

关税同盟的成员国也可以被授予独立市场地位：属国由其直接宗主国授予；集团成员则由集团领导者授予。这将使该国及其属国退出关税同盟，并创建一个由该国主导的新市场。

=== 市场相邻 ===
如果市场之间有直接的陆地边界相连，或者与任何共享的海上节点相连，则这些市场被视为相邻市场。

=== 市场价格 ===
{{See also|商品}}
所有商品都有一个固定的'''基准价格'''。这是在理想的市场条件下的价格（即购买订单的数量等于销售订单的数量）。每种商品的实际价格会根据市场中所有地区的买入和卖出订单总数而有所不同。商品的价格可以在基础价格以下{{color|blue|75%}}到以上{{color|gold|75%}}的范围内变动。也就是说，最终'''市场价格'''可以在基础价格的{{color|blue|25%}}到{{color|gold|175%}}之间变动。

某商品在某一地区或市场中的价格由以下公式给出：<ref>The 0.75 is based on the define <code>PRICE_RANGE</code> which can be set between 0 and 1, and it scales based on the define <code>BUY_SELL_DIFF_AT_MAX_FACTOR</code>, which defines the maximum ratio of buy and sell orders beyond which prices do not change.</ref>

<math>\text{价格} = \text{基准价格} * \left[1+0.75*\text{clamp}\left(\dfrac{\text{BUY}-\text{SELL}}{\min(\text{BUY},\text{SELL})},\text{±}1\right)\right]</math>

例如，对于基准价格为 20 的小麦来说，当有 100 个购买订单和 120 个销售订单时，它的价格将是：

<math>\text{价格} = 20 * \left[1+0.75*\text{clamp}\left(\dfrac{100-120}{100},\text{±}1\right)\right]=20*(1-0.15)=17</math>

或者说比基本价格低 {{color|blue|15%}}，因为供大于求。
 
It should be stressed that the amount of goods bought and sold in the market is not the same. All of the buy orders are bought and paid for by pops or industries, and all of the sell orders are sold with revenue received by industries. The difference between the two is created or destroyed by the simulation, along with the corresponding monetary value.

When there are more sell orders than buy orders, this effect creates extra value in the economy, with the local maximum of {{color|green|20.87%}} sell orders times good base price achieved at market price of {{color|blue|-39.56%}} below base, or 65.5% ratio of buy to sell orders and the absolute maximum of {{color|green|25%}} sell orders times good base price achieved with no sell orders at all (theoretically at 100% MAPI, reduced by actual MAPI as described below).

Conversely, when there are more buy orders than sell orders, value in the economy is destroyed, since buyers pay more money in total than sellers receive.

Continuing with the example above, buyers would pay for 100 wood, and sellers would receive money for 120 wood, with the resulting difference of 17*(120-100)=£340 appearing in the economy, which makes up for 14.2% of 20*120=£2400 of the wood made available on the market.

=== 市场接入度 ===
{{Main|Infrastructure#Market access{{!}}Market access}}
{{#lst:Infrastructure|Market access}}

=== 本地价格 ===
{| class="mildtable" style="float:right;"
|+ Market Access Price Impact
! Source !! Amount
|-
| Base || '''75%'''
|-
| {{iconify|Unincorporated|state status|30px}} state || {{red|−10%}}
|-
| {{law|Traditionalism|w=30px}} || {{red|−15%}}
|-
| {{technology|Stock Exchange|w=30px}} || {{green|+10%}}
|-
| {{technology|Zeppelins|w=30px}} || {{green|+5%}}
|-
| {{technology|Macroeconomics|w=30px}} || {{green|+5%}}
|-
| {{iconify|Some major rivers||30px|image=state trait river.png|link=State traits}} || {{green|+5%}}
|}
While market price reflects the general cost of goods across the market, each state has a separate ''local price'' for each good. As all transactions occur on the state level, excluding inter-market trades, the local price in each state is the actual amount each pop and building pays or gains. The local price is calculated as a proportion of the market price and the state price – calculated as though the state made its own market. The proportion is called ''Market Access Price Impact'' (MAPI), which is determined by laws, technology, and state traits and incorporation, then multiplied by the state's market access. For example, with a MAPI of 85%, the local price in a state is the weighted average of 85% of market price and 15% of the state price. As another example, {{iconify|isolated|market}} states have 0% market access (and so 0% MAPI) and so use 100% of the state price. Finally, local-only goods, {{icon|services|3=1}}, {{icon|transportation|3=1}}, and {{icon|electricity|3=1}} always use only the state price.

The local price of a good is given by the following formula: <math>\text{local price} = \text{MAPI} * \text{Market Price} + (1-\text{MAPI}) * \text{State Price}</math>

For example, {{icon|iron|3=1}} has a base price of '''£40'''; if the national market balance is 0, meaning buy and sell orders are equal, and the state produces iron but consumes none making it {{color|blue|75%}} below base price ({{color|blue|£10}}), the formula for local price would be as follows when MAPI is at 85%<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/victoria3/comments/166oilq/how_local_prices_work_in_victoria_15_beta_so_far/ Source of this example]</ref>: <math>\text{local price}=(0.85*40)+(0.15*10)=34+1.5=35.5</math> This is an {{color|blue|11%}} decrease from the market price meaning that iron mines are losing potential money as no iron is bought locally.

==== 供过于求和供不应求 ====
In Victoria 3, transactions of goods are not directly from producer to consumer, but abstracted through the market. That is, producers can sell all of their goods and consumers can purchase all of their goods, even if the number of buy and sell orders for a good do not match. Mismatches in buy and sell orders results in price changes as noted above. For this reason, oversupply (more sell orders) and undersupply (more buy orders) of goods each impact the cash reserves of buildings and wealth of pops. Additionally, as market and local prices are capped at '''75%''' above or below base price, extreme over- or under-supply results in losses for the buyer or seller compared to an uncapped "true" value of the good.

The price effects of over- and under-supply are magnified by the effects of market access and MAPI. A state which only produces a good has an decreased price for that good compared to the national market and conversely a state that only consumes a good has an increased price. This can result in a loss of money between a producer's sell price and a consumer's buy price when they are in different states. If the producer and consumer are in the same state, this loss does not occur.

An oversupply is good for pops and buildings that purchase the good, as they have more cash remaining than typical, leading to {{iconify|standard of living}} increases and higher dividends. However, when a good is highly oversupplied, the buildings which produce that good are unlikely to make any profit, and thus they are unable to raise their workers' wages and may even fire workers to balance their budget. With fewer workers, the production of the good is reduced, thus bringing supply back to a healthier equilibrium, but fired workers become {{icon|radical|3=1}}s and reduced production also reduces demand of input goods thus affecting the buildings producing them, so this is not typically an effective strategy. Government subsidies can keep production going, though often a great expense to the national treasury.

While an undersupply increases the profits of buildings producing that good – and the dividends of its ownership pops, a large undersupply of goods is almost never desirable. In particular, if buy orders are twice or more of sell orders, it results in a ''shortage'' for all buildings using that good as an input. While shortages can resolve themselves, this is often more damaging as a shortage of an input good for a building can lead to a shortage of its output goods. Additionally, high prices may reduce pops' standard of living. Thus, deliberate action to change the situation is recommended. This may include increasing production of the good, importing it from another market, or reducing its consumption.

==== 商品短缺 ====
A ''shortage'' occurs when the buy orders of a good exceed sell orders by at least double. This is indicated by the shortage icon [[File:Goods shortage.png|24px|Shortage]] besides the good's icon. A shortage reduces the throughput of all buildings requiring the good as an input by {{red|−5%}} and increasing {{red|−1%}} per day up to a maximum of {{red|−75%}}, depending on the severity of the shortage. When the shortage is resolved the modifier decreases by {{green|1%}} per day until it reaches '''0''' and is removed.

This effect is extremely damaging since buildings which already had one of their input goods at an extremely high price ({{color|gold|+75%}}), now also receive a throughput malus. As the buildings lose throughput, fewer input goods are demanded and as the building becomes less profitable, workers might be fired, further reducing throughput and thus demand. Both effects reduce the demand for the good in shortage and slowly alleviate it, however this equilibrium could be found at a certain percentage of the shortage effect, still reducing the effectiveness of its buildings, so it still should demand the player's attention in fixing it.

== 贸易 ==
{{SVersion|1.9}}
Countries in different markets can engage in trade between their markets. This is done automatically via the [[world market]] or manually through a [[treaty]] using the ''Goods Transfer Article''. Countries which have enacted {{law|Isolationism}} typically cannot engage in trade via the World Market, but can trade via Goods Transfer Articles. Additionally, unless a country has enacted {{law|Free Trade}}, it can gain national income from trade via tariffs. Trade via the world market is facilitated by {{iconify|Trade Center|building}}s, which can be nationally or privately built and owned.

=== 世界市场 ===
'''世界市场'''可以概念化地理解为一个位于海上的市场。若要与它连接，一个市场区域必须拥有 {{iconify|Port|building|港口}} 或其所有者必须与某个拥有港口的市场所有国签订 ''{{iconify|Transit Rights|treaty|过境转运权}}''[[条约]]。

==== World market hub ====
A '''world market hub''' represents the primary trade center with the world market for a market area. Each market area with at least one Port has a single hub. If a market has more than one port, the location of the world market hub can change depending on Port levels and states' gross domestic product, but will generally remain relatively stable. 

==== 封锁 ====
During war, fleets can be given orders to {{iconify|Blockade|order}} a sea node, which reduces supply routes to and world market access for states adjacent to that sea node. A blockade is not immediately effective, but scale up over time to the maximum blockade strength.

Each type of [[flotilla]] has a certain Blockade strength, with capital ships generally having 10 times the blockade strength of equivalent light ships. The blockade strength determines the blockade level on a scale from 0% to 100%, which gives scalable deficits for the state(s) blockaded.

At 100% blockade level, the following effects are applied
*{{red|−50%}} [[migration]] attraction
*{{red|−75%}} efficiency for [[shipping lanes]]
*{{red|−75%}} world market access
*{{red|−75%}} throughput for {{iconify|Fishing Wharves|building}} and {{iconify|Port|building}}s
<!-- Information on a scale, of what a certain amount of blockade strength means, is still lacking. A better explanation of what world market hubs actually do is as well. But I have found this information very difficult to actually find anywhere. The game itself doesn't even attempt to do it -->
==== 贸易优势 ====
Trade advantage is a measure of how dominant a country is in the trade of a particular good. Trade advantage individually modifies the import price or export price for a good in a certain state. At 100%, trade advantage provides a '''25%''' better price. However, trade advantage is a zero-sum game, as the overall market price remains unchanged, meaning that gains for one country results in losses for others. Therefore, there are two values at play: ''absolute'' trade advantage and ''relative'' trade advantage. Relative trade advantage is a country's trade advantage as a percentage of global trade advantage.

The world market price has a monopoly bonus. If one market controls 100% of exports, the world market price is 20% higher. This higher price is scaled to the share of global trade owned by the largest trader, so if one country controls 50% of the market the price is 10% higher. In this scenario, trade advantage does not affect the price.

Trade advantage is made up of several factors:
* Base trade advantage: 100%
* {{green|+2%}} for every percentage of the global production that is within the market area
* {{green|+0.5%}} for every percentage of the production in a market area that is controlled by a [[company]] with trade rights
* {{green|+1%}} for every percentage of production that is prestige goods, for export advantage only
* {{green|+1%}} for each percentage of trade going to a country that the trade center's owner has trade privileges with
* {{green|+2%}} for each percentage of trade that is to a trade center in a treaty port
* {{red|−0.5%}} for each percentage of trade that is going to a country that the trade center owner lacks an [[interest]] with. This is not applicable with {{principle|External Trade|III|1|w=24px}}
* {{red|−0.75%}} for each percentage of trade with a country that is at war with the trade center owner
* {{red|−1%}} for each percentage of trade going to a country that is embargoing the trade center owner

There is also a list of flat bonuses that modify trade advantage:
* {{green|+25%}} for having {{principle|External Trade|I|1|w=24px}} power bloc principle
* {{green|+5%}} for trade centers in the market capital
* {{green|+25%}} depending on the trade center owner's trade law.
* Up to {{green|+0.5%}} for every 100 trade capacity in the trade center (max +30% at 1200 Trade capacity. The upper limit is defined by techs such as [[banking]]).

Additionally, trade capacity is also modified by which [[Economy laws#Trade Policy|Trade Policy]] is implemented.
{| class="mildtable sortable plainlist" width=100%
! width=20% | Law
! class="unsortable" width=35%" | Effects
|- id="Mercantilism"
| {{iconbox|Mercantilism|An export-focused economy with an emphasis on keeping a positive current account and competing with other nations.|image=Law mercantilism.png}}
|
* {{red|−25%}} Trade Advantage for imports
* {{green|+25%}} Trade Advantage for exports
|- id="Protectionism"
| {{iconbox|Protectionism|Our industries must be protected from the depredations of foreign market actors.|image=Law protectionism.png}}
|
|- id="Free Trade"
| {{iconbox|Free Trade|The free exchange of goods must not be impeded, as trade is for the benefit of all.|image=Law free_trade.png}}
|
* {{green|+25%}} Trade advantage
|- id="Isolationism"
| {{iconbox|Isolationism|An economy focused on supplying the nation's needs internally, while keeping out of the affairs of others.|image=Law isolationism.png}}
|
* {{icon|no}} Disable trade centers
|- id="Canton System"
| {{iconbox|Canton System|A variant of Isolationism where trade is only permitted in a single coastal state.|image=Law isolationism.png}}
|
|}

==== Trade capacity ====
[[Trade centers]] can trade a certain amount each week, quantified by the trading capacity they produce. Each trade center produces 10 trade capacity and consumes a certain amount of {{icon|merchant marine}}[[Merchant Marine]]. Each type of good takes up a certain amount of trade capacity. The various [[List_of_production_methods#Small-Scale Trading|production methods]] increase the goods traded per trade capacity at the cost of more merchant marine. The [[power bloc]] principle External trade I increases trade capacity by {{green|25%}}. Additionally, {{principle|External trade|II|1|w=24px}} unlocks the production method [[List_of_production_methods#|Influential Trade Center]] which makes trade centers produce {{green|+0.5}} {{icon|influence|3=1}}.

Trade centers imports or exports an traded quantity amount of a good autonomously, with a number of weekly adjustments based on the ‘Weekly Trades’ value created by the Trade Center, in which they increase or decrease trade volumes to create profit for themselves. Countries can attempt to manipulate trade by changing tariff and subvention levels.

=== 关税与补贴 ===
{| class="mildtable" style="float:right; margin-left:5px;"
|+ Maximum Tariff and Subvention rates per Trade Policy law
! Type !! {{law|Mercantilism}} !! {{law|Canton System}} !! {{law|Protectionism}} !! {{law|Free Trade}} !! {{law|Isolationism}}
|-
! Import Tariffs
| 50% || 50% || 50% || — || —
|-
! Export Tariffs
| 20% || 20% || 50% || — || —
|-
! Import Subventions 
| 20% || 20% || 50% || 50% || —
|-
! Export Subventions
| 50% || 50% || 50% || 50% || —
|}
{{See also|Economy laws#Trade Policy{{!}}Trade Policy laws}}
Countries can impose tariffs or provide subventions on the import or export of specific goods, which can be set to '''none''', '''12.5%''', '''25%''', or '''50%'''. The maximum percentage permitted is determined by the country’s current Trade Policy law. The tarrifs and subventions are paid by or to the {{iconify|Trade Center|building}}s which trade those goods.

Tariff percentages are calculated from a good's base price rather than its market price. Countries in a customs union – including subjects – split tariffs proportionally by their relative GDP, with the market owner receiving a minimum of 25% of the tariff income.

The power bloc principles {{principle|Market Unification|II|1}} and {{principle|Internal Trade|II|1}} each add an additional flat '''+20%''' tariffs on all trade routes with non-bloc members. These additional tariffs apply even for trade routes owned by countries within the bloc that have enacted {{law|Free Trade}}.

=== 禁运 ===
A market owner can impose an {{iconify|embargo|diplomacy}} on another market owner to reduce that country's trade advantage for a base cost of {{icon|influence}} '''100''' Influence. Embargoes are also automatically imposed at no cost whenever two countries are at war with each other; these automatic embargoes are removed when peace is signed. Embargoes decreases the trade advantage by {{red|1%}} for both countries on goods for each percentage of a bought good, that comes from the other party's market.<ref>Prior to version 1.9 they instead made trade routes between the two countries inactive, but didn't remove them.</ref>

Members of a customs union or a power bloc with {{principle|Market Unification|I|1}} cannot embargo each other. The automatic embargo from war still applies in the case of a power bloc with Market Unification.

=== 条约港 ===
{{iconify|Treaty port|state status}}s are a special type of state, based on the port province of a state region. They can be established by a diplomatic play or [[treaty]] and allow the owner of the treaty port to bypass tariffs and embargoes by enabling the owner of the treaty port to build trade centers that buy and sell from the market that the treaty port resides in to the world market.

Treaty ports treaties can be withdrawn by the initiator at will and only be withdrawn by the market's owner if:
* The market's owner is of '''greater''' [[rank]]
* The market's owner is not unrecognized
* Treaty duration is over or 5 years has passed after the war if the treaty was forced via war

When the treaty, governing the treaty port is withdrawn, the former owner of the treaty port will still keep the province, but it will lose its status as a treaty port. If a treaty port is temporarily lost as a result of a secession or revolution, it will be reinstated after the rebels have been defeated, except in the case of special revolution tags like Heavenly Kingdom and similar due to a bug.

== 补给网络 ==
{{SVersion|1.11}}
A country's supply network is the total of all of its shipping lanes. If a country does not have sufficient {{icon|convoys|w=22px|3=1}} to support its supply network, it suffers reduced market access for overseas states and the [[Land_warfare#Supply|supply]] of overseas armies is reduced.

=== 航线 ===
Shipping lanes are the connections between non-adjacent areas. Shipping lanes are used for intra-market connections to overseas states and regions, and supply routes for overseas armies. Each shipping lane has a required convoy usage. The amount required varies depending on the type of shipping lane and distance it travels.

When at war, a country's shipping lanes may be disrupted by an enemy navy using the {{iconify|Raid Convoys|order}} order. This directly reduces the efficiency of affected shipping lanes as well as reducing the number of convoys thus potentially impacting the market's overall supply network. A country can order its navy to {{iconify|Escort Convoys|order}} to reduce the effect of enemy raids.

=== 船队 ===
Convoys are the capacity required for shipping lanes and the supply network. Convoys are produced by {{iconify|Port|building}}s, requiring either {{icon|clippers|3=1}} or {{icon|steamers|3=1}} as an input. [[Subject]]s, as well as junior members of customs unions, transfer 50% or 75% of their convoys to the the market owner.

== 参考资料 ==
<references/>
[[Category:经济]]
[[en:Market]]